Electronic Circuit

Learning to Design an Electronic Circuit Properly

Executive Summary By Frederic C Padilla

Circuit is made with some basic parts such as capacitors and resistors. Those basic parts are then built into some several combination that structure building blocks for other circuits.

Some people who have enough experiences might not find any difficulty in designing electronic circuit.

First, you need to know well about the characteristics and behavior of either intermediate or advanced components of electronic circuit. Sometimes, you can find sample circuits that will help you get more information in using the parts. Some parts that usually contain this information are including semiconductors such as diodes, transistors, as well as op-amps.

Second, you should also learn more about some basic circuits used in many kinds of electronic devices. You will also get this information easily from any basic electronics text. For example, you can have more practices in modifying a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) circuit.

By following those simple steps, you will easily get used to design electronic circuit properly.



Veroboard and How to Construct an Electronics Circuit

Executive Summary By Alfred Chai Wei Liang



In electronics, one has to know about circuit building. Circuit building is an essential skill if one is interested to build robots. There are the bread board, 'vero board' and 'PCB' (printed circuit board). These three are the types of electronics circuits. A 'vero board' will have many holes lined up horizontally and vertically. If you have ten horizontal rows of holes, then you have ten horizontal wires. To insert the components into the board, you have to solder. Soldering is whereby you heat up the soldering iron tip until it is hot enough. Be wary of cold solder joints. A cold joint contains holes and cracks and voids inside.



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Electronic Arts

Electronic Arts Shocks The Video Game Industry

Executive Summary By Sayed Islam

 The game company known for the Madden video games and Lord of The Rings video games (Electronic Arts) has decided to purchase BioWare/Pandemic. Then, Electronic Arts did the remarkable Lord of The Rings games. Electronic Arts keeps making unbelievable decision after unbelievable decision. The future looks bright for Electronic Arts. More importantly, Electronic Arts will own the rights to MASS EFFECT!!! What does all this mean for Electronic Arts? For right now, BioWare/Pandemic and Electronic Arts are separate video game companies. January 2008 is when Electronic Arts will overtake BioWare/Pandemic. If Mass Effect comes to the PlayStation 3, then owners of the PlayStation 3 will give Electronic Arts a standing ovation.



Electronic Arts Giving Xbox 360 Preferential Treatment



An Electronic Arts representative admitted that the Xbox 360 has its advantages over the PlayStation 3. When the PlayStation 2 and Xbox first made their debut, it was easier for game developers to make games on the PlayStation 2. This was because game companies had more time to work with the PlayStation 2 than they did with the Xbox. As time progressed, games on the Xbox were as time consuming to make as they were on the PlayStation 2.



It simply means that video game companies need more time to work with the PlayStation 3's hardware. After gaming companies know how to utilize the PlayStation 3 to its full potential, PlayStation 3 will no longer be at the mercy of the Xbox 360.



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HOT!TC Electronics

How to Protect Your Electronics From Heat

Executive Summary By Darrell Edward Smith

Tonysystem, - 1.0 INTRODUCTION

    * DVD Players

    * Gaming Systems (e.g., Playstation, X-Box, Nintendo, Wii, etc.)

    * Heat

    * Electrical Surge/Spike Events, and

    * Electrical Noise



    * How is Heat destructive to your electronics?

    * What can we do about heat - How to Protect Your Electronics from Heat and Extend the Operating Life of our Electronics?



2.0 HOW IS HEAT DESTRUCTIVE TO YOUR ELECTRONICS

Heat is an artifact of electronics. All electronic systems generate heat. Electronic systems accept electrical power (current and voltage) from the power line (via the electrical outlet). The remaining portion of this electrical power is converted into heat.



However, heat is also an enemy of electronic systems. Few things are more effective in reducing the operating life-time of an electronic system, than raising the operating temperature of the electronic circuitry within your electronic system. The impact of heat (in shortening the operating life) of your electronics is "huge".



3.0 WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT HEAT?

As I mentioned earlier, all electronics generates heat.

3.1. REMOVING HEAT FROM THE ELECTRONICS

Many consumer electronic systems were designed with "Heat Removal" in mind. Some of these electronic systems (like desktop computers) contain "internal fans". These fans were designed into these systems so that they could blow air through the area in which the system electronics resides. Other electronic systems contain "vents" (in their outer case) to provide an "escape path" for heat. Make sure and have your appliances (like your Central Air Conditioning system or Heat Pump) serviced.

3.2 REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF HEAT THAT THE ELECTRONICS GENERATE IN THE FIRST PLACE

Another approach to protecting your electronics from heat is to take steps to try to prevent your electronics from generating excessive heat in the first place.     * I represents the amount of current flowing through an electronic system and



    * R represents the load impedance (or resistance) within this electronic system; and



The answer to this question is "Yes", an electrical system does require a certain amount of current and voltage (electrical power) to do its job. By using the TVSS components, you are eliminating this excessive current (due to noise, glitches, etc.) from the "power line" current, flowing into your electronic system.



1. You have decreased the amount of current flowing into your electronic system, (which is the "I" in the expression "I^2 X R") - which helps a lot to reduce the amount of heat that the system generates.

2. By reducing the heat that the electrical system generates, you are now lowering the ambient (or surrounding) temperature in which your electronics operates.

3. Lowering the ambient temperature will often times also reduce the load impedance/resistance in your electronic system (e.g., the "R" in this expression) as well.



QUESTION: How can you reduce the load impedance/resistance in an electronic system? Isn't that a design feature of the electronic system?     * Using TVSS components lower the amount of current flowing through your electronic system.

    * Lowering this current reduces the amount of heat that the electronic system generates.

    * This lowers the ambient temperature for the system electronics.

    * Lowering the ambient temperature also lowers the load impedance/resistance (R) within the electronic system.



Both the reduction of current (and the resulting reduction of the load impedance) would serve to significantly reduce the amount of heat that the electronics system will generates.



    * How to Protect Your Electronics from Electrical Surge/Spike Events

    * How to Protect Your Electronics from Electrical Noise



    * Electrical Surge/Spike Events, and

    * Electrical Noise



1. Use (and do not thwart) the "Heat Removal" features of your electronic systems



2. Use TVSS (Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor) components to regulate the amount of voltage (and in turn) current that is flowing into your electronic systems: Minimizes heat generation due to resistive loss.



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HOT!Ultimate Electronics

 The Ultimate Electronics Gift

Executive Summary By John Granholm

Tonysystem, - So what will they watch TV on? A high definition TV is a must for any home entertainment system, and is an excellent addition to any household that enjoys movies, sports events, TV programs, and video games. Samsung, Sony, Panasonic, and Pioneer are all technologically-advanced companies with great selections of HD TVs in a wide range of prices.

For the home entertainment system buff that truly has it all, test drive Bang & Olufsen's 103-inch plasma TV, the largest high definition screen available. The sports fan in your life will be forever indebted to you once you present them with a Samsung 70 Series HD LCD monitor, which uses HD TV technology to produce the most crisp, clear image ever seen, on an otherwise standard-looking flat screen computer monitor.



Facts About the Ultimate Attenuator

Executive Summary By Gavin Cruise

This attenuator functions similarly with other attenuators such as the fiber attenuator, Weber attenuator, and digital attenuator. The attenuator provides signal load in an easy way for the amplifier's output transformer circuit.

The following are some of the features of the electronic device: 100 watt maximum output, non-stepped continuous volume controller, bedroom switch, true bypass switching, dual speaker output jacks, plexi switch,100 volts tap fixed alternating current (AC) output, quiet cooling fan, variable line level output, and an all-steel construction. Because it uses a load resistor with 30 ohm, the Ultimate Attenuator can receive signal loads of 4, 8, 16 ohms from the guitar's amplifier.

The attenuator's built-in low impedance power amplifier helps to achieve strong and high frequency response. The attenuator is also compatible with Mullard power tubes. The latest version of the Ultimate Attenuator is the Nude 24 position model.



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Mini Audio Amplifier circuit by BC559-BC549

This is very small audio amplifier circuit which can be handled just with 1.5V DC battery. This circuit just need very small power to work.
The maximum output current is IP=VP/RL=62,5mA. If the transistor beta is B=150 then the maximum base current is about 400µA. This is quite much for an amplifier input so a preceding stage is very useful. IC designers normally would even build a 3 or 4 stage amplifier (and e.g. a 20 transistor bias circuit), but our PA should be as simple as possible. For maximum power gain in a direct coupled (best for low component count) amplifier the common emitter configuration is best suited, and a CB or CC stage is much worse. At low voltages a CC also has the disadvantage that the output voltage smaller than the input voltage by VBE. If you want to drive a CE stage from a CC stage you need an input voltage of 2·VBE»1,4V, which is nearly impossible form a single cell supply. Two CE stages are much easier to connect, but this makes feedback more difficult because the total amplifier will be noninverting. A solution will be a differential pair which has nearly the same characteristics like a single CE stage but features an inverting and a noninerting input. A further advantage is that the inherent temparature compensation makes the biasing more stable.

Source: http://www.weberconnect.de/nfpa2.htm

Digital Volume Control circuit with DS1669

This is digital volume control circuit which uses DS1669 as the main volume control. This is stereo volume control, you can use stereo push button switch for to control both channel by together.
source: http://audio-circuits.blogspot.com/2009/10/digital-volume-control-circuit-with.html

picture of a transistor

picture of a transistor

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picture of transistor