here another mini amp
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Friday, June 10, 2011
Power Amplifier VMOS OTL 10 Watt by BC512
Hello! This the circuit amplifies small-sized.it uses the equipment VMOS , number BD512 and BD522. which be pillar heart of the circuit. By it very the circuit is the character of OTL , make build easy and the price economizes. It is giving watt about 10W
Read more and view big size circuit
Monday, June 6, 2011
Electronic Workbench
Workbenches (Types)
Executive Summary By John Cheesman
Workbenches range widely in their design, they can be small like some jewellers workbenches, or very large workbenches such as staircase makers may use. Most workbenches are of rectangular shape, and have a flat working top surface. They can vary widely in design, and different sizes and types of workbench will be utilized for specific types of work.
* Metal Work benches
* Woodworking benches
* Gardening benches
* Electronics Workbenches
* Laboratory Workbenches
* General and Multi-Purpose workbenches
More modern woodworking benches are now made of metal and wood, with the general frame-work of the bench being manufactured from metal, and the work surface made from timber or timber product. Metal working benches are generally made from metal. Metal working vices can be attached to the benches by clamps, or more usually bolted to the surface of the workbench for a more sturdy fixture.
Other types of workbench can include ; Adjustable workbenches and Cantilever workbenches. Adjustable workbenches may be manually or electrically powered, to alter the working height and angle etc.
The work surface usually consists of two pieces of hard durable material.
Steel Workbenches Can Handle Anything You Throw at Them
Executive Summary By Y. Tilden
Advanced work requires an advanced workspace and modern workbenches offer a sturdy place to work that looks stylish at the same time.
Steel workbenches, in particular, combine a contemporary design with a high level of strength and reliability. The strong steel workbenches are made with all-welded 16-gauge box steel frames and usually come with powder coat finishes. Even though steel is very strong, powder coating protects the frame from being scratched or nicked, allowing your steel workbench to maintain a clean and professional appearance.
Check my other post : Electronic Drum
Executive Summary By John Cheesman
Workbenches range widely in their design, they can be small like some jewellers workbenches, or very large workbenches such as staircase makers may use. Most workbenches are of rectangular shape, and have a flat working top surface. They can vary widely in design, and different sizes and types of workbench will be utilized for specific types of work.* Metal Work benches
* Woodworking benches
* Gardening benches
* Electronics Workbenches
* Laboratory Workbenches
* General and Multi-Purpose workbenches
More modern woodworking benches are now made of metal and wood, with the general frame-work of the bench being manufactured from metal, and the work surface made from timber or timber product. Metal working benches are generally made from metal. Metal working vices can be attached to the benches by clamps, or more usually bolted to the surface of the workbench for a more sturdy fixture.
Other types of workbench can include ; Adjustable workbenches and Cantilever workbenches. Adjustable workbenches may be manually or electrically powered, to alter the working height and angle etc.
The work surface usually consists of two pieces of hard durable material.
Steel Workbenches Can Handle Anything You Throw at Them
Executive Summary By Y. Tilden
Advanced work requires an advanced workspace and modern workbenches offer a sturdy place to work that looks stylish at the same time.
Steel workbenches, in particular, combine a contemporary design with a high level of strength and reliability. The strong steel workbenches are made with all-welded 16-gauge box steel frames and usually come with powder coat finishes. Even though steel is very strong, powder coating protects the frame from being scratched or nicked, allowing your steel workbench to maintain a clean and professional appearance.
Check my other post : Electronic Drum
Saturday, May 21, 2011
74-series IC data sheet index
| 74LS00 | 4x Two input NAND |
| 74LS01 | 4x Two input NAND, Open collector |
| 74LS02 | 4x Two input NOR |
| 74LS03 | 4x Two input NAND, Open collector |
| 74LS04 | 6x Inverter (NOT) |
| 74LS05 | 6x Inverter (NOT), Open collector |
| 74LS06 | 6x Inverter (NOT), High voltage Open collector |
| 74LS07 | 6x Buffer (NO-OP), High voltage Open collector |
| 74LS08 | 4x Two input AND |
| 74LS09 | 4x Two inout AND, Open collector |
| 74LS10 | 3x Three input NAND |
| 74LS11 | 3x Three inout AND |
| 74LS12 | 3x Three input NAND, Open collector |
| 74LS13 | 2x Four input, Schmitt Trigger NAND |
| 74LS14 | 6x Inverter (NOT), Schmitt Trigger |
| 74LS15 | 3x Three input AND, Open collector |
| 74LS16 | 6x Inverter (NOT), High voltage Open collector |
| 74LS17N | 6x Buffer (NO-OP), High voltage Open collector |
| 74LS19 | 6x Inverter (NOT), Schmitt Trigger |
| 74LS20 | 2x Four input NAND |
| 74LS21 | 2x Four input AND |
| 74LS22 | 2x Four input NAND, Open collector |
| 7423 | 2x Four input NOR with Strobe |
| 7425 | 2x Four input NOR with Strobe |
| 74LS26 | 4x Two input NAND, High voltage |
| 74LS27 | 3x Three input NOR |
| 74LS28 | 4x Two input NOR |
| 74LS30 | Eight input NAND |
| 74LS31 | 6x DELAY (6nS to 48nS) |
| 74LS32 | 4x Two input OR |
| 74LS33 | 4x Two input NOR, Open collector |
| 74LS37 | 4x Two inout NAND |
| 74LS38 | 4x Two input NAND, Open collector |
| 74LS39 | 4x Two input NAND, Open collector |
| 74LS40 | 4x Two input NAND, Open collector |
| 74LS42 | Four-to-Ten (BCD to Decimal) DECODER |
| 74LS45 | Four-to-Ten (BCD to Decimal) DECODER, High current |
| 74LS46 | BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, Open Collector, lamp test and leading zero handling |
| 74LS47 | BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, Open Collector, lamp test and leading zero handling |
| 74LS48 | BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, lamp test and leading zero handling |
| 74LS49 | BCD to Seven-Segment DECODER, Open collector |
| 7450 | 2x (Two input AND) NOR (Two input AND), expandable |
| 74LS51 | (a AND b AND c) NOR (c AND e AND f) plus (g AND h) NOR (i AND j) |
| 7453 | NOR of Four Two input ANDs, expandable |
| 74LS54 | NOR of Four Two input ANDs |
| 74LS55 | NOR of Two Four input ANDs |
| 74LS56P | 3x Frequency divider, 5:1, 5:1, 10:1 |
| 74LS57P | 3x Frequency divider, 5:1, 6:1, 10:1 |
| 74S64 | 4-3-2-2 AND-OR-INVERT |
| 74S65 | 4-3-2-2 AND-OR-INVERT |
| 74LS68 | 2x Four bit BCD decimal COUNTER |
| 74LS69 | 2x Four bit binary COUNTER |
| 7470 | 1x gated JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear |
| 7472 | 1x gated JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear |
| 74LS73 | 2x JK FLIPFLOP with clear |
| 74LS74 | 2x D LATCH, edge triggered with clear |
| 74LS75 | 4x D LATCH, gated |
| 74LS76A | 2x JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear |
| 74LS77 | 4x D LATCH, gated |
| 74LS78A | 2x JK FLIPFLOP with preset and clear |
| 74LS83 | Four bit binary ADDER |
| 74LS85 | Four bit binary COMPARATOR |
| 74LS86 | 4x Two input XOR (exclusive or) |
| 74LS90 | Four bit BCD decimal COUNTER |
| 74LS91 | Eight bit SHIFT register |
| 74LS92 | Four bit divide-by-twelve COUNTER |
| 74LS93 | Four bit binary COUNTER |
| 74LS94 | Four bit SHIFT register |
| 74LS95B | Four bit parallel access SHIFT register |
| 74LS96 | Five bit SHIFT register |
| 74LS107A | 2x JK FLIPFLOP with clear |
| 74LS109A | 2x JK FLIPFLOP, edge triggered, with preset and clear |
| 74LS112A | 2x JK FLIPFLOP, edge triggered, with preset and clear |
| 74LS114A | 2x JK FLIPFLOP, edge triggered, with preset |
| 74LS116 | 2x Four bit LATCH with clear |
| 74121 | Monostable Multivibrator |
| 74LS122 | Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator |
| 74LS123 | Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator |
| 74S124 | 2x Clock Generator or Voltage Controlled Oscillator |
| 74LS125 | 4x Buffer (NO-OP), (low gate) Tri-state |
| 74LS126 | 4x Buffer (NO-OP), (high gate) Tri-state |
| 74LS130 | Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator |
| 74128 | 4x Two input NOR, Line driver |
| 74LS132 | 4x Two input NAND, Schmitt trigger |
| 74S133 | Thirteen input NAND |
| 74S134 | Twelve input NAND, Tri-state |
| 74S135 | 4x Two input XOR (exclusive or) |
| 74LS136 | 4x Two input XOR (exclusive or), Open collector |
| 74LS137 | 3-8 DECODER (demultiplexer) |
| 74LS138 | 3-8 DECODER (demultiplexer) |
| 74LS139A | 2x 2-4 DECODER (demultiplexer) |
| 74S140 | 2x Four input NAND, 50 ohm Line Driver |
| 74143 | Four bit counter and latch with 7-segment LED driver |
| 74LS145 | BCD to Decimal decoder and LED driver |
| 74LS147 | 10-4 priority ENCODER |
| 74LS148 | 8-3 gated priority ENCODER |
| 74LS150 | 16-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer) |
| 74LS151 | 8-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer) |
| 74LS153 | 2x 4-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer) |
| 74LS154 | 4-16 DECODER (demultiplexer) |
| 74LS155A | 2x 2-4 DECODER (demultiplexer) |
| 74LS156 | 2x 2-4 DECODER (demultiplexer) |
| 74LS157 | 4x 2-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer) |
| 74LS158 | 4x 2-1 SELECTOR (multiplexer) |
| 74159 | 4-16 DECODER (demultiplexer), Open collector |
| 74LS160A | Four bit synchronous BCD COUNTER with load and asynchronous clear |
| 74LS161A | Four bit synchronous binary COUNTER with load and asynchronous clear |
| 74LS162A | Four bit synchronous BCD COUNTER with load and synchronous clear |
| 74LS163A | Four bit synchronous binary COUNTER with load and synchronous clear |
| 74LS164 | Eight bit parallel out SHIFT register |
| 74LS165 | Eight bit parallel in SHIFT register |
| 74LS166A | Eight bit parallel in SHIFT register |
| 74LS169A | Four bit synchronous binary up+down COUNTER |
| 74LS170 | 4x4 Register file, Open collector |
| 74LS174 | 6x D LATCH with clear |
| 74LS175 | 4x D LATCH with clear and dual outputs |
| 74LS170 | Four bit parallel in and out SHIFT register |
| 74LS180 | Four bit parity checker |
| 74LS181 | Four bit ALU |
| 74LS182 | Look-ahead carry generator |
| 74LS183 | 2x One bit full ADDER |
| 74LS190 | Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER |
| 74LS191 | Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER |
| 74LS192 | Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER |
| 74LS193 | Four bit Synchronous up and down COUNTER |
| 74LS194 | Four bit parallel in and out bidirectional SHIFT register |
| 74LS195 | Four bit parallel in and out SHIFT register |
| 74LS198 | Eight bit parallel in and out bidirectional SHIFT register |
| 74LS199 | Eight bit parallel in and out bidirectional SHIFT register, JK serial input |
| 74LS221 | 2x Monostable multivibrator |
| 74LS240 | 8x Inverter (NOT), Tri-state |
| 74LS241 | 8x Buffer (NO-OP), Tri-state |
| 74LS244 | 8x Buffer (NO-OP), Tri-state Line driver |
| 74LS245 | 8x Bidirectional Tri-state BUFFER |
| 74LS259 | Eight bit addressable LATCH |
| 74LS260 | 2x Five input NOR |
| 74LS273 | 8x D FLIPFLOP with clear |
| 74LS279 | 4x SR LATCH |
| 74LS283 | Four bit binary full ADDER |
| 74LS373 | 8x Transparent (gated) LATCH, Tri-state |
| 74LS374 | 8x Edge-triggered LATCH, Tri-state |
| 74LS629 | Volatge controlled OSCILLATOR |
| 74LS688 | Eight bit binary COMPARATOR |
Friday, May 20, 2011
Best Electronics Schematics
24 Line Parallel Interface for the PC
- big file in pdf format, you might only need the schematic- 4QD's pages
of interesting circuits
8254 timer/counter board
- The schematic, theory of operation, construction tips and parts lists
Aaron's Electronic Circuits
A Home Built (almost) Panasonic/MKE/CR56x CD-ROM Interface
Ampage
(Tube amps, music electronics schematics)
Ampeg Schematics
(Music Electronics)
Ampex Audio Schematics
Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion via the IBM-PC Parallel
Printer Port
Andreas's projects
Aren's Attic Tube Amplifiers
Atari Schematic's Central
Audio Crafter's Guild
(articles and essays on audio circuits)
Audio Electronics Design
Audio Electronics Page
Audio, TV, VCR schematics etc.- Barracuda-Central.org
-
site about parallel port interfacing, and other PC projects - Beyond
Logic
- free on-line tutorials on connecting anything electronic to your PC
using common interfaces such as the Serial and Parallel Ports
Bob's Music/Vacuum Tube Audio/Electronics page
Bowden's Hobby Circuits- Cable
diagram database
(large collection of pin-to-pin cable connections) - Cahner's
s-inSITE - The Electronics Industry Knowlege Network
Car Audio Schematics
Circuit Central
(large collection of circuits)
Circuit Exchange International
Circui to Z.net- Circuit Sage
, tutorials, information, design articles and circuits
on A/Ds, PLLs, LN/PAs, filters, opamps and transceivers
Cool Schematics,
audio amplifiers
Computer Demolition
- demystifies Technology by having kids disassemble and explore older
Personal Computers
CyberCircuit
, Circuit Archive
Digital Music Zone circuit collection- Discover
Circuits, a collection of 6000+ electronic circuits
or schematics
EE Circuits Archive
Electronic Cookbook Archive
, (University of Alberta), ftp archive site whose primary purpose is
to serve as a repository for schematic diagrams and circuit information;
some electrical engineering related software is available there as well.
Electronic Circuits for the hobbyist
, Circuits, Sotware, Links etc.- Electronics
2000
Electronics Hobbyist
Electronics Zone(Electronic circuits, do-it-yourself circuit
diagrams, kits and electronics hobby schematics)
Emil Vladkov's Resources
(some schematics and 8051 stuff)- ePanorama.net
(large collection of useful web pages on electronics)
ESP Audio Projects
FC's Electronics Circuits- GEO,
The Guitar Effects Oriented Web Page
Guitar amplifiers
Guitar Effects Schematics- Hardware
Book
( free collection of connector pinouts, cable descriptions and circuits)http://geocities.yahoo.com/ - Headwize
Projects,
headphone amplifiers
HiFi-magazine's tube amplifiers
(in finish)- ICHE
Schematics
Jerry's gadgets, gizmos, crafts, and curious things
Jordan's RF Web Site
Kiarchive PC Hardware documentation
- hdd, modem, PCI, soundcard, video
l
earnc.com
- real-world equipment controlling using PC and C from basics
Leper's Vintage Schematics (Music circuits)
Library of practical electronics
Linear Electronics Troubleshooter
Magnatone
, the unofficial amp site
Music Amp Schematics
Music Electronics uArchive
Music Instrument's schematics
Music Machines: Schematics
Parallel port ADC/DAC - 8-bit, 110kHz ADC and DAC
Pat's Tube Schematics
PCKits Tutorials
- power sources, parallel port, joystick port, serial port, ISA bus- Pier's homepage
, uP programming projects
Plans for a 4-channel 8-bit analog-to-digital converter for PC
- Prefect's
Pages,
audio projects
Pro Audio Equipment Schematic Page- Quad ESL Pages
& Other Audio Projects - RadioLocman
Circuits
Radio Schematics
Red Circuit Designs- Sam
Electronic Circuits
Sam's Schematic Collection
SDS Labs Schematics
(audio circuits, tube amplifiers)
SynthFool
(synthesizer schematics)- Technik.net
(hardware info, link list, schematics, etc.)
Temperature meter
which can be connected to PC, text in Finnish
The Class-A Amplifier Site
The Design of Car Power Amplifier
The Do-It-Yourself Audio Corner
The Leach Superamp,
high class audio power amplifier
Tomaz's Schematics collection
Tomi Engdahl's Electronic Circuits
University of Washington Circuits Archive
Vintage Quad Electronic diagrams
Wenzel Associates Technical Library
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
Laptop Speakers - USB, Portable, Compact, Travel Speaker for PC and Mac - B-Flex 2 Hi-Fi Stereo USB Speaker (Black)
BUY Laptop Speakers - USB, Portable, Compact, Travel Speaker for PC and Mac - B-Flex 2 Hi-Fi Stereo USB Speaker (Black)
 Portable, powerful sound from any USB port |
The patented flex design allows you to position the speaker for optimum listening enjoyment. The only product of its kind, the B-Flex has been featured in the New York Times, on ABC News, on Gizmodo, and on virtually every gadget site in the world. WIRED magazine says the B-Flex "puts laptop speakers to shame."
Saturday, May 7, 2011
Sony Ericsson Xperia ™ mini pro
HD Capture with a sharp volley. Shoot the player with a 5 megapixel auto focus camera. The mood dimmed? Flash photo captures it pretty details. Now show mahakaryamu with high contrast on the screen Reality Display with Mobile BRAVIA ® Engine.
Life looks brighter through the touch screen Android from scratch resistant glass. Do not forget anyone's birthday. Fun at once on the Xperia ™ mini pro. Synchronize email and calendar while ago with Exchange ActiveSync ®.
Specification:
Size 92.0 × 53.0 × 18.0 mm / 3.6 × 2.1 × 0.7 inch Available colors Black, White, Pink, Turquoise
Weight 136.0 gr / 4.8 oz Memory Phone memory up to 400MB
microSD ™ support up to 32GB
RAM: 512MB
Memory card included: 2 GB microSD ™
Actual free memory may vary due to phone pre-configuration
Screen 320 x 480 pixels (HVGA) / 16,777,216 color TFT
Battery Performance
Battery performance may vary depending on network conditions, configuration and phone usage.
Talk time: Standby time: Video call:
GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 5 hrs 40 min 331 hours x
UMTS / HSPA 900/2100 5 hrs 25 min 340 hours x
UMTS HSPA 800/1900/2100 5 hrs 25 min 340 hours x
GreenHeart ™
-Eco-smart packaging
The phone is packed in smaller boxes and lighter to reduce the environmental effects in terms of transport and conserve precious natural resources.
-GreenHeart ™ Headset
Headset environmentally friendly, most are made from recycled plastic.
-GreenHeart ™ Charger
Battery chargers obey the V Energy Star level and has a standby power loss is less than 30mW. This means reduced power consumption.
-E-Manual
Save paper. User guide is replaced by an electronic version in the phone.
Camera
-Type the flash / lamp - LED
If the lighting conditions are bad, your picture can still look good.
-Video recording
Capture the action as it happens.
-Video light
Add light when shooting video.
-Touch Focus
Touch the screen to specify what areas of focus.
-Smile Shutter ™
Let alone a camera that automatically shoot when a subject threw a smile.
-Detection smile
Let alone a camera that automatically shoot when a subject threw a smile.
-Picture blogging
Pictures taken your phone will be displayed online.
-HD video recording (720p)
Record High Definition video with a simple touch of a button.
-Geo Tagging
Your photos can be tagged with the following information about where the photo was taken.
-Face recognition
The phone automatically recognizes up to five faces in your pictures.
-Face detection
Your phone automatically sets the focus on faces in your pictures.
-Auto Focus
Auto focus for optimal clarity.
-Aperture f / 2.6
Allows more light reaching the image sensor.
-Digital zoom - up to 8x
Closer to your subject.
-Camera - 5 megapixel
Capture and share special moments.
Music
-XLOUD ™ Experience
Maximizing, speakers blaring sound thanks to the audio engine filter technology Sony xLOUD.
-TrackID ™ music recognition
Record a song for a few seconds and get information on the song title, artist name and album sent to your phone within seconds.
-Sony Ericsson music player
Enjoy your favorite music sorted by artist, album and track. Shake feature and smart playlists.
-PlayNow ™
Download music and games to your phone.
-Music tones
Use the original artist recordings as ringtones.
-Bluetooth ™ stereo (A2DP)
Music from phone to headset over a wireless connection.
Internet
-Web browsers - WebKit
Full Internet Browser with support for standard protocols, images and video.
-Google ™ Search
Find who searched with Google ™ search function.
-Google Voice Search
Use your voice to search on the web, or to launch a quick call to a friend.
--Bookmark
Quick access to your favorite websites.
Android ™ Market
Get applications and games - download it directly to your phone
Entertainment
-Radio - FM radio with RDS
Entertainment radio all the time.
-Radio - FM radio
Entertainment radio all the time.
-YouTube ™
Add your favorite YouTube ™ videos, or upload your own - easy access via YouTube ™ application.
-Video streaming
Watch videos on the go. No need storage space.
-Media
Media content in one place for quick and easy access.
-3D games
Enjoy a game full of color quality and steady.
Connectivity
-Google Maps ™ - With Street View
Find your way to your destination.
-Alignment - Exchange ActiveSync ® through client Moxier
Stay terselaras without barriers with Microsoft ® Exchange email server.
-WiFi ™ certified
Utilise high-speed Internet at Wi-Fi hotspots at airports ™ and other facilities.
-Navigation Wisepilot ™ bend per bend
-USB mass storage
Connect and move items between your computer and phone.
-Alignment via Google Sync
Use your Google account to sync contacts on your phone.
-Alignment through Facebook ™
Match friends up ™ with your phone contacts.
-Modem
Connect your computer to the Web using your phone wherever you are.
-Google Latitude ™
See the existence of your friends - and share your location with them.
-DLNA Certified ™
Connect wirelessly to other devices.
-Bluetooth ™ technology
Connect to other Bluetooth ™ devices wirelessly.
-aGPS
Based services utilizing GPS-powered location.
-3.5 mm audio jack
Sharing music via the extra jack. Use any headphones with a standard connector size of 3.5 mm.
Messaging
-Type & Send
Handle all your messaging directly from the screen porch.
-Text messaging (SMS)
Send text greetings anywhere in the world.
-Recorder
Make voice notes or record a voice clip to send in a message.
Predictive text input
Text messaging is quick and easy.
Picture messaging (MMS)
Multimedia messages in color.
Instant messaging
Online chat on the way
-Google Mail ™
With Gmail for mobile, you can send and receive emails wherever you are.
Check your email inbox wherever you are.
-Conversation
Tell me via SMS chat style.
-Communication
Twitter ™ - Integration ™ Timescape
Let the world know how you feel and what you think - say via tweet.
-Vibrating Alert
When your phone is in silent mode, you will know if there is an incoming call or message.
-Speakerphone
Hands-free convenience while on the call.
-Sony Ericsson Timescape ™
All your communications with one person in one place.
-Noise Shield
Filtering the sound around for your voice heard.
-Google Talk ™
Communication style chat with friends and family.
-Facebook ™ Application
Connect with friends on Facebook ™ via phone.
Design
-Four corner of the screen porch - custom icons
Quick access to favorite functions via four icons in the corner of the screen porch.
-Keyboard - QWERTY
Easily insert text
-Keyboard - QWERTY on-screen
Easily insert text
-Keyboard - 12 keys on the screen
Easily insert text
-Animated wallpaper
Moving pictures on screen style.
-Touch screen
Intuitive navigation - just touch the screen.
-Intelligent Keyboard
Instant access to relevant functions - just slide out the board ketiknya.
-Reality display with the BRAVIA ® Engine Mobile
Crystal-clear colors and sharp images.
-Picture wallpaper
Your favorite picture in standby.
-Auto rotate
Switching from vertical to horizontal mode by rotating the phone. Whatever your view will rotate to adjust.
Organizer
-Phone book
The information you need to keep in touch with friends and family.
-Notes
Digital records for things you need to remember.
-Infinite Keys
Only one press to find out all about your friends, or the artist info is needed.
-Google Calendar ™
Create, add and edit events Set reminders and notifications via cell phone.
-Flight mode
Disable the radio receivers and transmitters in your phone so you can safely use other functions.
-Calendar
Store names and set reminders.
-Calculator
Fully functional when you need it.
-Alarm clock
Set the alarm clock to ring at the time of your choice.
-Handwriting recognition
Write like you are using a pen. Your handwriting into digital text.
Check my other post : Electronic Music
Sony Ericsson Xperia ™ arc
Specification:
Size 125.0 × 63.0 × 8.7 mm / 4.9 × 2.5 × 0.3 inch Available colors Midnight Blue, Misty Silver
Weight 117.0 gr / 4.1 oz Internal Phone Memory Storage: 1GB (free up to 320MB)
RAM: 512MB
Memory card slot: microSD ™, up to 32GB
Actual free memory may vary due to phone pre-configuration
Screen 854x480 pixels / 4.2 "color TFT 16,777,216
Battery Performance
Battery performance may vary depending on network conditions, configuration and phone usage.
Talk time: Standby time: Video call:
GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 6 hours 55 min 430 hours x
UMTS / HSPA 800/850/1900/2100 7 hours 400 hours x
UMTS / HSPA 900/2100 7 hours 400 hours x
Please note that the compatibility of UMTS / HSPA vary by location.
Music Listening time: 31 hours
Music
-Sony Ericsson music player
Enjoy your favorite music sorted by artist, album and track. Shake feature and smart playlists.
-Music tones - MP3, AAC
Use the original artist recordings as ringtones.
-TrackID ™ music recognition
Record a song for a few seconds and get information on the song title, artist name and album sent to your phone within seconds.
-PlayNow ™
Download music and games to your phone.
-Bluetooth ™ stereo (A2DP)
Music from phone to headset over a wireless connection.
-Picture Album
Select a music CD albums by browsing pictures or other images
Internet
-Google Voice Search
Use your voice to search on the web, or to launch a quick call to a friend.
-Android ™ Market
Get applications and games - download it directly to your phone.
-Web browsers - WebKit
Full Internet Browser with support for standard protocols, images and video.
-Pan & zoom
Viewing a web page to suit your taste - get quick overview or perbesarkan details.
-Google ™ Search
Find who searched with Google ™ search function.
-Bookmark
Quick access to your favorite websites.
-Entertainment
Radio - FM radio with RDS
Entertainment radio all the time.
-YouTube ™
Add your favorite YouTube ™ videos, or upload your own - easy access via YouTube ™ application.
-Video Clip
Watch a video clip on your phone screen.
-Video streaming
Watch videos on the go. No need storage space.
-Mobile games
The game involves physical - turn, swing, move the phone to control the action.
-Media
Media content in one place for quick and easy access.
-3D games
Enjoy a game full of color quality and steady.
Connectivity-
-ANT + Technology
Connecting wirelessly to a wide variety of health and fitness products.
-Google Maps ™ - With Street View
Find your way to your destination.
-Google Latitude ™
See the existence of your friends - and share your location with them.
-Alignment through Sony Ericsson Sync
Synchronize your phone contacts, calendar, tasks, bookmarks and notes * through the Sony Ericsson website. Sony Ericsson Sync is based on SyncML. * Harmonisation of items may vary depending on the device.
-Alignment through Facebook ™
Match friends up ™ with your phone contacts.
-Alignment via Google Sync
Use your Google account to sync contacts on your phone.
-Alignment - Exchange ActiveSync ®
Stay terselaras without barriers with Microsoft ® Exchange email server.
-Support Micro USB
Connect to PC and other devices.
-WiFi ™ certified
Utilise high-speed Internet at Wi-Fi hotspots at airports ™ and other facilities.
-USB support
Connect your phone to your computer.
-USB mass storage
Connect and move items between your computer and phone.
-TV out
Get the big screen - connect the phone to a television, projector, or other device.
-HDMI Support
Sharing pictures and videos on TV using your TV remote control.
-Modem
Connect your computer to the Web using your phone wherever you are.
-Bluetooth ™ technology
Connect to other Bluetooth ™ devices wirelessly.
-aGPS
Based services utilizing GPS-powered location.
-3.5 mm audio jack
Sharing music via the extra jack. Use any headphones with a standard connector size of 3.5 mm.
-Google Mail ™
With Gmail for mobile, you can send and receive emails wherever you are.
Messaging
-Text messaging (SMS)
Send text greetings anywhere in the world.
-Predictive text input
Text messaging is quick and easy.
-Picture messaging (MMS)
Multimedia messages in color.
-Instant messaging
Online chat on the way
Check your email inbox wherever you are.
-Conversation
Tell me via SMS chat style.
Communication
-Google Talk ™
Communication style chat with friends and family.
-Noise Shield
Filtering the sound around for your voice heard.
-Twitter ™ - Integration ™ Timescape
Let the world know how you feel and what you think - say via tweet.
-Vibrating Alert
When your phone is in silent mode, you will know if there is an incoming call or message.
-Speakerphone
Hands-free convenience while on the call.
-Sony Ericsson Timescape ™
All your communications with one person in one place.
-Facebook ™ Application
Connect with friends on Facebook ™ via mobile phone
-Design
Keyboard - QWERTY on-screen
Easily insert text
Animated wallpaper
Moving pictures on screen style.
-Touch screen
Intuitive navigation - just touch the screen.
Reality display with the BRAVIA ® Engine Mobile
Crystal-clear colors and sharp images.
Picture wallpaper
Your favorite picture in standby.
Auto rotate
Switching from vertical to horizontal mode by rotating the phone. Whatever your view will rotate to adjust.
Organizer
-Google Calendar ™
Create, add and edit events Set reminders and notifications via cell phone.
-Phone book
The information you need to keep in touch with friends and family.
-Infinite Keys
Only one press to find out all about your friends, or the artist info is needed.
-Flight mode
Disable the radio receivers and transmitters in your phone so you can safely use other functions.
-Document readers
Reading documents in popular formats.
Includes free trial version.
-Calendar
Store names and set reminders.
-Calculator
Fully functional when you need it.
-Android ™ Platform
Powered by the Android ™ for great performance. Personalize with all the applications you need from the Android Market.
Xperia ™ arc is powered by the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread).
-Alarm clock
Set the alarm clock to ring at the time of your choice.
Check my other post : Electronic Circuit
Electronics Workbench a circuit simulator
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| Electronics Workbench |
Designing and testing an electronic circuit is a tedious job. Testing is the area where a computer program can be of help; then you will not need to worry that anything will burn up if things go wrong somewhere. Also, the advantage of using ideal components is provided.
Electronics Workbench includes all the tools needed to inspect any electronic or electrical circuit. The circuits can be simulated using ideal components as well as regular ones. It includes a library with a huge list of analog and digital components. If the component you are looking for is not available, you may create it and save it on the user section of the library. It can be done either by editing a component or creating a new one. You will find the chip makers very useful.
Version 5 is a very old one. The component library is somewhat small but it is quite enough for a beginner. The 74xx digital ICs and the general analog ICs, like 741, and also the 555 timer, DAC, ADC, etc., are available. All we need to do is set up the circuit by dragging the components including the measurement devices, function generator, etc., and click on the start button.
Analysis with graphs is available too. It is very useful in constructing bode plots, etc. The program comes with a lot of circuit examples so that you can easily study them. The Circuit Design Community on the Internet is the best source for Electronics WorkBench example files and projects.
The newer versions, like the latest one 10.1, include a lot more components and tools.Download Here
Sunday, May 1, 2011
Electronic Engineering
Electronics Engineer
Executive Summary By Jonathan E Richards
The job of an electronics engineer is to research, design and test electrical components in order that electricity is effectively and efficiently utilised in equipment. o Altering the design of products in order to make them work more efficiently
Electrical engineers have access to a large number of employers from the government (defence and MOD departments), to telecommunications companies, research establishments, electronic equipment manufacturers, digital technology and automotive sector, utility companies, hospitals and educational organisations.
Salaries vary according to the sector worked in. Most electrical engineers work in areas where there is a lot of manufacturing and work for small to medium sized firms. If working in Europe, engineers can apply for status as a European engineer (Eur Ing) which provides professional recognition abroad and increased employability.
How To Market To Electronics Engineering Industry
Executive Summary By Alexander Gordon
Electronics industry is a very huge industry, and engineers, who are very hard to be convinced, take most of the purchasing decisions. Therefore, if you are planning to market your products to electronics industry, you have to be more cautious in your marketing efforts.
Engineers are interested in quality and attributes of the product. How Can You Market Products to Engineers?
A recent survey says engineers have two types of information needs:
Heads - Down Information: This kind of information provides guidelines to the engineers for fixing work related problems. It also includes information about features of products. For such information, engineers prefer using web sites.
Keeping theses differences in mind, you can plan and implement your message and media strategies. Online marketing helps you provide detailed information to the clientele, whenever the demand for it. Engineers spend most of their time in researching and fir this, they use the World Wide Web.
Check my other post : Tyco Electronic
Executive Summary By Jonathan E Richards
The job of an electronics engineer is to research, design and test electrical components in order that electricity is effectively and efficiently utilised in equipment. o Altering the design of products in order to make them work more efficientlyElectrical engineers have access to a large number of employers from the government (defence and MOD departments), to telecommunications companies, research establishments, electronic equipment manufacturers, digital technology and automotive sector, utility companies, hospitals and educational organisations.
Salaries vary according to the sector worked in. Most electrical engineers work in areas where there is a lot of manufacturing and work for small to medium sized firms. If working in Europe, engineers can apply for status as a European engineer (Eur Ing) which provides professional recognition abroad and increased employability.
How To Market To Electronics Engineering Industry
Executive Summary By Alexander Gordon
Electronics industry is a very huge industry, and engineers, who are very hard to be convinced, take most of the purchasing decisions. Therefore, if you are planning to market your products to electronics industry, you have to be more cautious in your marketing efforts.
Engineers are interested in quality and attributes of the product. How Can You Market Products to Engineers?
A recent survey says engineers have two types of information needs:
Heads - Down Information: This kind of information provides guidelines to the engineers for fixing work related problems. It also includes information about features of products. For such information, engineers prefer using web sites.
Keeping theses differences in mind, you can plan and implement your message and media strategies. Online marketing helps you provide detailed information to the clientele, whenever the demand for it. Engineers spend most of their time in researching and fir this, they use the World Wide Web.
Check my other post : Tyco Electronic
Digital Electronics
Digital Electronic Scales
Executive Summary By Nicole Roberts
Accuracy : Perhaps the greatest benefit that digital electronic scales have over analog scales is their increased accuracy. This makes digital electronic scales the scales of choice in laboratories and other places where even the most minute particle can make a difference. Of course, accuracy just isn't limited to weighing those "specks", digital scales also are more accurate at showing overall weight.
Less Human Error : Digital scales also make for less human error when reading the scales. While analog lines use lines to mark off increments of weights, digital scales always show digits. Digital electronic scales also have the benefit of being able to distribute the information of the scale to various people and locations faster than analog scales.
How to Choose a Digital Signature Solution
Executive Summary By Olga Pulisman
There are 6 simple points to consider when choosing a Digital Signature Solution (standard electronic signature) for your organization. To ensure a low Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and a speedy Return on Investment (ROI) from your Digital Signature solution, read on.
1. Seals Documents - This is the basic building block of a true digital signature solution. Tip: Only digital signatures based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology can truly seal a document.
2. Multiple Application Support - Many digital signature solutions support only PDF and Word applications, which may be sufficient support for some. Tip: Make sure the applications you intend to sign in your organization are supported by the solution you choose.
3. Graphical Signatures - Of the standard applications that have digital signature capacity, almost all lack graphical signature support. Graphical signatures ensure the signature is visually noticeable, and have a psychological impact: the signer is reassured they have signed the document and that it is legally compliant.
Tip: Occasionally, different graphical signatures are required (e.g., initials, full signature).
4. Multiple Signatures - Many digital signature solutions do not allow altering the document once a signature is applied.
Tip: If your company requires several people to digitally sign a document, ensure that your solution offers this feature.
IT staff can find themselves spending weeks every year managing the selected digital signature solution. Costs can skyrocket.
5. Seamless User Registration - Implementing your digital signature solution must be as simple as possible. Tip: It should take a single click to ensure your document is sealed and legally compliant.
6. Total Cost of Ownership - Not everyone considers TCO when purchasing a digital signature solution.
Check my other post : Electronics Components
Executive Summary By Nicole Roberts
Accuracy : Perhaps the greatest benefit that digital electronic scales have over analog scales is their increased accuracy. This makes digital electronic scales the scales of choice in laboratories and other places where even the most minute particle can make a difference. Of course, accuracy just isn't limited to weighing those "specks", digital scales also are more accurate at showing overall weight.Less Human Error : Digital scales also make for less human error when reading the scales. While analog lines use lines to mark off increments of weights, digital scales always show digits. Digital electronic scales also have the benefit of being able to distribute the information of the scale to various people and locations faster than analog scales.
How to Choose a Digital Signature Solution
Executive Summary By Olga Pulisman
There are 6 simple points to consider when choosing a Digital Signature Solution (standard electronic signature) for your organization. To ensure a low Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and a speedy Return on Investment (ROI) from your Digital Signature solution, read on.
1. Seals Documents - This is the basic building block of a true digital signature solution. Tip: Only digital signatures based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology can truly seal a document.
2. Multiple Application Support - Many digital signature solutions support only PDF and Word applications, which may be sufficient support for some. Tip: Make sure the applications you intend to sign in your organization are supported by the solution you choose.
3. Graphical Signatures - Of the standard applications that have digital signature capacity, almost all lack graphical signature support. Graphical signatures ensure the signature is visually noticeable, and have a psychological impact: the signer is reassured they have signed the document and that it is legally compliant.
Tip: Occasionally, different graphical signatures are required (e.g., initials, full signature).
4. Multiple Signatures - Many digital signature solutions do not allow altering the document once a signature is applied.
Tip: If your company requires several people to digitally sign a document, ensure that your solution offers this feature.
IT staff can find themselves spending weeks every year managing the selected digital signature solution. Costs can skyrocket.
5. Seamless User Registration - Implementing your digital signature solution must be as simple as possible. Tip: It should take a single click to ensure your document is sealed and legally compliant.
6. Total Cost of Ownership - Not everyone considers TCO when purchasing a digital signature solution.
Check my other post : Electronics Components
Electronic Circuits
Learning to Design an Electronic Circuit Properly
Executive Summary By Frederic C Padilla
Usually, circuit is made with some basic parts such as capacitors and resistors. Those basic parts are then built into some several combination that structure building blocks for other circuits.
Some people who have enough experiences might not find any difficulty in designing electronic circuit. First, you need to know well about the characteristics and behavior of either intermediate or advanced components of electronic circuit. Sometimes, you can find sample circuits that will help you get more information in using the parts. Some parts that usually contain this information are including semiconductors such as diodes, transistors, as well as op-amps.
Second, you should also learn more about some basic circuits used in many kinds of electronic devices. You will also get this information easily from any basic electronics text. For example, you can have more practices in modifying a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) circuit.
By following those simple steps, you will easily get used to design electronic circuit properly.
Simple Ways To Understand The Filter Capacitors In Electronic Circuits
Executive Summary By Jestine Yong
You could see mica capacitors, ceramic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, paper capacitors and etc. Electronic Field - Act as filter to remove ripple in power supplies;
- As inter stage signal coupling capacitors- A capacitor will not pass DC, but an AC signal will go through;
- Tuning resonant circuits, oscillator circuits;
- Decoupling in power supplies and amplifiers;
- As part of timing circuit; and
- As waveshapers and filters
In today's article I'm going to talks about capacitor act as filter to remove ripple from power supplies. Usually, the filter includes one or more capacitors. The capacitors are then placed between the DC line and ground. The value of the capacitors is chosen carefully to give the filter circuit a certain timing constant or TC. This unwanted noise signal can cause problems in electronic circuit. If all capacitors checked okay I would then move on to another circuit. Why not one filter capacitor is enough for each DC line voltage? The answer is that the big filter capacitors (large value) at the secondary side of power supplies is to smooth the DC and remove unwanted lower frequency noise. The small blue capacitor has very high chances to go fully shorted compare to electrolytic capacitor which is very rare.
Check my other post : Electronics Components
Executive Summary By Frederic C Padilla
Usually, circuit is made with some basic parts such as capacitors and resistors. Those basic parts are then built into some several combination that structure building blocks for other circuits.Some people who have enough experiences might not find any difficulty in designing electronic circuit. First, you need to know well about the characteristics and behavior of either intermediate or advanced components of electronic circuit. Sometimes, you can find sample circuits that will help you get more information in using the parts. Some parts that usually contain this information are including semiconductors such as diodes, transistors, as well as op-amps.
Second, you should also learn more about some basic circuits used in many kinds of electronic devices. You will also get this information easily from any basic electronics text. For example, you can have more practices in modifying a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) circuit.
By following those simple steps, you will easily get used to design electronic circuit properly.
Simple Ways To Understand The Filter Capacitors In Electronic Circuits
Executive Summary By Jestine Yong
You could see mica capacitors, ceramic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, paper capacitors and etc. Electronic Field - Act as filter to remove ripple in power supplies;
- As inter stage signal coupling capacitors- A capacitor will not pass DC, but an AC signal will go through;
- Tuning resonant circuits, oscillator circuits;
- Decoupling in power supplies and amplifiers;
- As part of timing circuit; and
- As waveshapers and filters
In today's article I'm going to talks about capacitor act as filter to remove ripple from power supplies. Usually, the filter includes one or more capacitors. The capacitors are then placed between the DC line and ground. The value of the capacitors is chosen carefully to give the filter circuit a certain timing constant or TC. This unwanted noise signal can cause problems in electronic circuit. If all capacitors checked okay I would then move on to another circuit. Why not one filter capacitor is enough for each DC line voltage? The answer is that the big filter capacitors (large value) at the secondary side of power supplies is to smooth the DC and remove unwanted lower frequency noise. The small blue capacitor has very high chances to go fully shorted compare to electrolytic capacitor which is very rare.
Check my other post : Electronics Components
Electronic Devices
Using Electronic Devices Makes Your Life Better!
Executive Summary By Justin Ferguson
By using these devices they allow you to do a task faster which gives you the time to do more tasks, so each device actually improves your life and allows you to accomplish more with your day to day activities, which in turn gives you more free time to enjoy electronic devices such as the ones that provide entertainment.
Current estimates on internet access is that approximately 25% of the world's population has access, the number seems low, but for North America alone the access rate is 73%, so through computers and the world wide web, access to knowledge has become very easy. Then there are other spin offs from manufacturing electronic devices like marketing and advertising a lot of which is put on or used in the electronic devices we've already bought, and they tell us how our lives can be even better with newer electronic devices, all these things come from these two urges.
Smart Tips to Take Your Electronic Devices Overseas
Executive Summary By Alexander O Mcgee
As the first step, the voltage of all your devices that you want to take overseas should be checked. If you find that your device says 110v - 220v, it means that the device comes in dual voltage so that you do not have to convert the voltage if you want to carry it with you.
If you find that the device is not dual voltage, the second step that you should do is to buy the small step-down converter or the transformer for helping you converting the voltage. Basically, most devices that you can buy in the USA come with thin, vertical metal prongs, while the standard overseas for the devices is round metal prongs.
Check my other post : Electronic Stores
Executive Summary By Justin Ferguson
Current estimates on internet access is that approximately 25% of the world's population has access, the number seems low, but for North America alone the access rate is 73%, so through computers and the world wide web, access to knowledge has become very easy. Then there are other spin offs from manufacturing electronic devices like marketing and advertising a lot of which is put on or used in the electronic devices we've already bought, and they tell us how our lives can be even better with newer electronic devices, all these things come from these two urges.
Smart Tips to Take Your Electronic Devices Overseas
Executive Summary By Alexander O Mcgee
As the first step, the voltage of all your devices that you want to take overseas should be checked. If you find that your device says 110v - 220v, it means that the device comes in dual voltage so that you do not have to convert the voltage if you want to carry it with you.
If you find that the device is not dual voltage, the second step that you should do is to buy the small step-down converter or the transformer for helping you converting the voltage. Basically, most devices that you can buy in the USA come with thin, vertical metal prongs, while the standard overseas for the devices is round metal prongs.
Check my other post : Electronic Stores
Wholesale Electronics
Wholesale Electronics
Executive Summary By Aaron Silverman
What are wholesale electronics? Here is a short sketch of what's in wholesale electronics.
Wholesale electronic shops are wholesale distributors, liquidators, and/or exporters of consumer electronic products. Many consumer electronic and computer products are now available wholesale. Wholesale electronics now include communication products, electronic components and production equipment, home appliances, medical devices, IT products, safety or security products, and even fashion electronics.
Wholesaler electronics shops buy large quantities of products. Some wholesale companies buy directly from manufacturers who produce the appliances, gadgets, and PC accessories. If you are planning on finding some supplies from wholesale electronics, first learn about the reputation of the wholesaler. Find feedback on their products, especially if they offer used or refurbished items.
You will also find Bluetooth watches, car audios, DVD players and recorders, camcorders, cell phones, spy gadgets, and MP3 players of all brands. Wholesale electronics are usually picking up sales at this time. Just as with other wholesale items that can be drop shipped, electronics items can be shipped directly from your company name, but coming from the wholesaler.
A Practical Tip For Wholesale Electronics
Executive Summary By Kato Jasmine
Most of the people have fascinations for brand electronic items. Nowadays, consumers not only crave for branded items but also want to have items of impressive and eye-catching features at minimum costs. The idea of wholesale electronics thus flourished. Wholesale electronics, a widely used term nowadays, are electronic products sold directly to the customers at the retail prices without the involvement of middlemen. A large number of wholesale electronics sites are there to provide products to the customers directly from China.
Wholesale electronics suppliers buy electronic items like consumer electronics, gadgets, security equipment and PC accessories from the local manufacturers and then they sell those to consumers at wholesale price. About online paying system, a few Wholesale Electronics have 'PayPal Verified Seller' certification. For customer services, some have 'Life Support' service along with newsletter services. There are also some consumers, who are not only satisfied in just buying impressive products from wholesale electronic suppliers but also want to be potential sellers.
The most severe issue is the product quality. One of the reasons why people choose brand items is that the quality (by mentioning product specifications) and customer service (through warranty) are assured. Moreover, some scam artists target such transactions. In the websites, they sell some items which will generate little or no profit. For a safe side of the customers, this China Wholesale Electronic has '12 month warranty, for return and replacement'.
Its support suite provides all sorts of inquiries for minimizing the risk of transaction and has a quality product to consumers.
Consumers can also question the wholesale electronic suppliers by personal emails and look for direct informative responses from them. Considering all these issues, the China Wholesale Electronics definitely satisfies every user. It is a leading wholesale distributor of Chinese products. All products are categorized sequentially. About online paying system, this China Wholesale Electronics has 'PayPal Verified Seller' certification.
Check my other post : Electronic Stores
Executive Summary By Aaron Silverman
What are wholesale electronics? Here is a short sketch of what's in wholesale electronics.Wholesale electronic shops are wholesale distributors, liquidators, and/or exporters of consumer electronic products. Many consumer electronic and computer products are now available wholesale. Wholesale electronics now include communication products, electronic components and production equipment, home appliances, medical devices, IT products, safety or security products, and even fashion electronics.
Wholesaler electronics shops buy large quantities of products. Some wholesale companies buy directly from manufacturers who produce the appliances, gadgets, and PC accessories. If you are planning on finding some supplies from wholesale electronics, first learn about the reputation of the wholesaler. Find feedback on their products, especially if they offer used or refurbished items.
You will also find Bluetooth watches, car audios, DVD players and recorders, camcorders, cell phones, spy gadgets, and MP3 players of all brands. Wholesale electronics are usually picking up sales at this time. Just as with other wholesale items that can be drop shipped, electronics items can be shipped directly from your company name, but coming from the wholesaler.
A Practical Tip For Wholesale Electronics
Executive Summary By Kato Jasmine
Most of the people have fascinations for brand electronic items. Nowadays, consumers not only crave for branded items but also want to have items of impressive and eye-catching features at minimum costs. The idea of wholesale electronics thus flourished. Wholesale electronics, a widely used term nowadays, are electronic products sold directly to the customers at the retail prices without the involvement of middlemen. A large number of wholesale electronics sites are there to provide products to the customers directly from China.
Wholesale electronics suppliers buy electronic items like consumer electronics, gadgets, security equipment and PC accessories from the local manufacturers and then they sell those to consumers at wholesale price. About online paying system, a few Wholesale Electronics have 'PayPal Verified Seller' certification. For customer services, some have 'Life Support' service along with newsletter services. There are also some consumers, who are not only satisfied in just buying impressive products from wholesale electronic suppliers but also want to be potential sellers.
The most severe issue is the product quality. One of the reasons why people choose brand items is that the quality (by mentioning product specifications) and customer service (through warranty) are assured. Moreover, some scam artists target such transactions. In the websites, they sell some items which will generate little or no profit. For a safe side of the customers, this China Wholesale Electronic has '12 month warranty, for return and replacement'.
Its support suite provides all sorts of inquiries for minimizing the risk of transaction and has a quality product to consumers.
Consumers can also question the wholesale electronic suppliers by personal emails and look for direct informative responses from them. Considering all these issues, the China Wholesale Electronics definitely satisfies every user. It is a leading wholesale distributor of Chinese products. All products are categorized sequentially. About online paying system, this China Wholesale Electronics has 'PayPal Verified Seller' certification.
Check my other post : Electronic Stores
Thursday, April 28, 2011
Tentang Panas Bumi
Energi Geo (Bumi) thermal (panas) berarti memanfaatkan panas dari dalam bumi. Inti planet kita sangat panas- estimasi saat ini adalah,500°C (9,932° F)- jadi tidak mengherankan jika tiga meter teratas permukaan bumi tetap konstan mendekati 10°C-16°C (50°F-60°F) setiap tahun. Berkat berbagai macam proses geologi, pada beberapa tempat temperatur yang lebih tinggi dapat ditemukan di beberapa tempat.
Menempatkan panas untuk bekerja
Dimana sumber air panas geothermal dekat permukaan, air panas itu dapat langsung dipipakan ke tempat yang membutuhkan panas. Ini adalah salah satu cara geothermal digunakan untuk air panas, menghangatkan rumah, untuk menghangatkan rumah kaca dan bahkan mencairkan salju di jalan.
Bahkan di tempat dimana penyimpanan panas bumi tidak mudah diakses, pompa pemanas tanah dapat membahwa kehangatan ke permukaan dan kedalam gedung. Cara ini bekerja dimana saja karena temparatur di bawah tanah tetap konstan selama tahunan. Sistem yang sama dapat digunakan untuk menghangatkan gedung di musim dingin dan mendinginkan gedung di musim panas.
Pembangkit listrik
Pembangkit Listrik tenaga geothermal menggunakan sumur dengan kedalaman sampai 1.5 KM atau lebih untuk mencapai cadangan panas bumi yang sangat panas. Beberapa pembangkit listrik ini menggunakan panas dari cadangan untuk secara langsung menggerakan turbin. Yang lainnya memompa air panas bertekanan tinggi ke dalam tangki bertekanan rendah. Hal ini menyebabkan "kilatan panas" yang digunakan untuk menjalankan generator turbin. Pembangkit listrik paling baru menggunakan air panas dari tanah untuk memanaskan cairan lain, seperti isobutene, yang dipanaskan pada temperatur rendah yang lebih rendah dari air. Ketika cairan ini menguap dan mengembang, maka cairan ini akan menggerakan turbin generator.
Keuntungan Tenaga Panas Bumi
Pembangkit listrik tenaga Panas Bumi hampir tidak menimpulkan polusi atau emisi gas rumah kaca. Tenaga ini juga tidak berisik dan dapat diandalkan. Pembangkit listik tenaga geothermal menghasilkan listrik sekitar 90%, dibandingkan 65-75 persen pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar fosil.
Sayangnya, bahkan di banyak negara dengan cadangan panas bumi melimpah, sumber energi terbarukan yang telah terbukti ini tidak dimanfaatkan secara besar-besaran.
sumber: greenpiece indonesia
Isu Pemanasan Global
Pemanasan global dan polusi dan pembakaran bahan bakar fosil yang menyebabkan bahwa ada ancaman di seluruh dunia. Selimut ini polusi dunia, perangkap panas dan membuat efek rumah kaca yang mempengaruhi atmosfir bumi. Semua ini berdampak pada persediaan air bersih, kesehatan masyarakat, pertanian, pantai, hutan, dan banyak lagi.
Energi bersih, terbaharukan dan ramah lingkungan
Panas Bumi adalah sumber energi panas yang terkandung di dalam air panas, uap air, dan batuan bersama mineral ikutan dan gas lainnya yang secara genetik semuanya tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam suatu sistem Panas Bumi dan untuk pemanfaatannya diperlukan proses penambangan.
Pemanfaatan panas bumi relatif ramah lingkungan, terutama karena tidak memberikan kontribusi gas rumah kaca, sehingga perlu didorong dan dipacu perwujudannya; pemanfaatan panas bumi akan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar minyak sehingga dapat menghemat cadangan minyak bumi
Potensi energi panas bumi di Indonesia mencakup 40% potensi panas bumi dunia, tersebar di 251 lokasi pada 26 propinsi dengan total potensi energi 27.140 MW atau setara 219 Milyar ekuivalen Barrel minyak. Kapasitas terpasang saat ini 1.194 atau 4% dari seluruh potensi yang ada.
sumber: PERTAMINA GeoThermal Energy
PANAS BUMI DI INDONESIA: PROBLEM SOLVER ATAU PROBLEM MAKER?
Kalau kita membaca judul di atas, terbayang betapa berat beban yang harus ditanggung pihak-pihak yang terkait dengan pengembangan panas bumi. Dari sekian banyak stakeholders pengembangan panas bumi, paling tidak ada 3 pihak utama, yaitu pengembang panas bumi, PLN sebagai pembeli dan pemerintah sebagai regulator.
Mengapa sampai ada pertanyaan di atas? Ini dikarenakan banyak pihak yang berpendapat, yang mengisyaratkan ketidakyakinan, apakah pengembangan panas bumi merupakan langkah yang strategis, tepat, dan ekonomis buat Negara ataukah malah sebaliknya, akan memberikan beban kepada Negara ini. Meskipun pada sisi yang lain, banyak pihak juga yang optimis bahwa panas bumi akan memberikan solusi terhadap kekurangan pasokan listrik nasional. Pertanyaan yang sering diutarakan adalah pada harga beli listrik berapa yang harus ditanggung oleh PLN.
Panas Bumi
Seperti diketahui dari data Pemerintah, bahwa Indonesia memiliki potensi panas bumi sebesar 40% cadangan dunia, yaitu mencapai 27.000 MW. Jumlah yang sangat besar apabila dapat dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan sebaik-baiknya untuk penyediaan listrik nasional. Sampai sejauh ini, pemanfaatannya hanya sebesar 1.196 MW (4.4%) saja yang berasal dari 7 pembangkit listrik yaitu di Jawa, Sulawesi dan Sumatera Utara. Mengapa baru sebesar itu? Dalam kebijakan energy-mix ditargetkan bahwa pada tahun 2025, Indonesia harus sudah dapat memanfaatkan panas bumi sebagai sumber energi minimum 5% (atau lebih dari 1.350 MW) terhadap konsumsi energi nasional. Berdasarkan milestone-nya, sesuai yang termuat dalam Blue Print Pengelolaan Energi Nasional 2006-2025, diperlukan penambahan lebih dari 5.000 MW Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panasbumi (PLTP) sebelum tahun 2015. Hal ini kemudian tertuang dalam Rencana Proyek Kelistrikan 10.000 MW Tahap Kedua antara tahun 2010-2015.
Panas Bumi di Indonesia
Dari beberapa artikel yang Penulis baca, kebutuhan listrik nasional akan meningkat antara 6-10% per tahun. Dari data PLN Jawa Bali, beban puncak dari Januari sampai dengan April 2010 berkisar antara 14.000-17.000 MW (80% dari beban nasional). Apabila dihitung rata-rata sebesar 16.000 MW, maka kebutuhan listrik nasional saat ini menjadi sekitar 20.000 MW. Rata-rata margin cadangan listrik nasional saat ini adalah 20% sedangkan persentase margin yang ideal diasumsikan sebesar 35%. Dengan mempertimbangkan kehilangan listrik secara nasional rata-rata sebesar 10% (tahun 2009), maka jumlah listrik yang harus tersedia pada kuartal pertama 2010 menjadi sekitar 29.000 MW. Tingkat elektrifikasi nasional sampai dengan Oktober 2009 baru sebesar 64% (masih di bawah 50% untuk Indonesia bagian timur, sedang Jakarta hampir 100%). Target PLN adalah 80% pada tahun 2014, terutama akan tercapai dengan masuknya pengusahaan listrik oleh swasta. Bagaimana kebutuhan listrik nasional sebesar itu dapat terpenuhi? Direktur Utama PT PLN (Persero) sebelum Dahlan Iskan, Fahmi Mochtar pernah mengatakan bahwa ada 4 tantangan utama yang menjadi penghambat percepatan penyediaan energi listrik nasional yaitu keseimbangan antara supply dan demand, tarif dan subsidi, optimalisasi "fuel mix" serta keamanan penyediaan energi primer. Dari situs Berita Indonesia, April 2009, kapasitas pembangkitan pada tahun 2009 adalah sebesar 29.705 MW (Jawa-Bali 22.302 MW dan di luar Jawa-Bali sebesar 7.403 MW). Dari data ini dapat dilihat bahwa margin cadangan listrik yang kita punyai relatif kecil. Inilah salah satu penyebab mengapa masih sering terjadi shortage listrik di Jawa-Bali.
Kamojang
Sejauh mana cadangan energi nasional mampu menjawab tantangan kebutuhan listrik di atas? Menurut dokumen Departemen Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Siaran Pers Nomor 24/HUMAS DESDM/2008 pada bulan April 2008 tentang Membangun Ketahanan Energi Nasional, disebutkan bahwa pada April 2008, cadangan dan produksi energi Indonesia terdiri dari Minyak Bumi dengan sumber daya 56,6 miliar barel, cadangan 8,4 miliar barel, produksi 348 juta barel dan rasio cadangan/produksi 24 tahun. Gas bumi dengan sumber daya 334,5 TSCF, cadangan 165 TSCF, produksi 2,79 TSCF dan rasio cadangan/produksi 59 tahun. Batubara dengan sumber daya 90,5 miliar ton, cadangan 18,7 miliar ton dan produksi 201 juta ton, sedangkan rasio cadangan/produksi 93 tahun. Coal Bed Methane (CBM) dengan sumber daya 453 TSCF. Tenaga air 75,67 GW, panas bumi 27 GW, mikro hydro 0,45 GW, biomass 49,81 GW, tenaga surya 4,8 kWh/m2/day, tenaga angin 9,29 GW dan uranium 3 GW untuk 11 tahun (hanya di Kalan, Kalimantan Barat). Dari cadangan yang tersisa, bahan bakar fosil akan habis dalam waktu yang tidak terlalu lama. Dengan mengandalkan sumber energi dari fosil maka akan ada ketergantungan yang tinggi terhadap harga pasar dan kehilangan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan pendapatan/devisa dari ekspor bahan bahan bakar fosil tersebut karena pemanfaatan di dalam negeri. Panas bumi mempunyai keunikan secara alami yang tidak dipunyai oleh sebagian besar jenis energi yang lain, diantaranya adalah bahwa hasil dari panas bumi tidak dapat di-ekspor, hanya dapat dimanfaatkan di lokasi asal panas bumi tersebut dihasilkan, ramah lingkungan untuk mendukung usaha pemerintah merespon isu global warming, merupakan energi terbarukan, pengusahaannya tidak memerlukan lahan yang luas, tingkat keandalan pembangkit yang tinggi sehingga menjadi dapat alternative base-load dari PLN, bebas dari risiko kenaikan harga bahan bakar fosil, tidak tergantung dari cuaca, dan pada akhirnya dapat menggantikan sebagian dari bahan bakar fosil yang makin habis.
Pengusahaan panas bumi mempunyai keunikan dibandingkan dengan energi yang lain. Produksi dari pengusahaan hulu adalah uap panas yang sebagian besar akan dipakai untuk menggerakkan sudu-sudu pembangkit listrik. Kapasitas dan jenis pembangkit listrik dirancang dengan mempertimbangkan parameter-parameter tertentu; terutama karakteristik uap, cadangan yang tersedia di reservoir, kemampuan produksi uap per sumur, dan kondisi lokasi untuk tempat pembangkit. Hal-hal tersebut akan menentukan besarnya investasi yang akan ditanamkan. Skema pengusahaan dari hulu (produksi uap) ke hilir (produksi listrik) ini dikenal dengan skema total project. Pengusahaan dapat juga mengusahakan produksi uapnya saja, kemudian dijual ke pihak lain seperti yang terjadi di wilayah Gunung Salak, Drajat dan Lahendong. Pada saat ini investor secara umum lebih tertarik dengan skema pengembangan total project. Hal ini dapat dipahami karena dengan skema total project, pengembang dapat menjamin kepastian tidak adanya keterlambatan pemanfaatan produksi uap menjadi listrik. Namun demikian, baik skema parsial maupun total project, pengembang haruslah mendapatkan kepastian bahwa produksi uap dan listriknya dibeli dengan harga yang wajar oleh pembeli, dalam hal ini PLN. Karena PLN adalah pembeli tunggal listrik hasil pengusahaan tersebut, maka wajar apabila sebelum pengembang memutuskan suatu investasi, mulai dari mengikuti lelang wilayah panas bumi, eksplorasi dan eksploitasi, sudah harus diketahui berapa harga listrik yang akan diterima kalau berhasil memproduksi uap dan listrik. Hal ini berbeda dengan pengusahaan batubara dan migas, yang hasil produksinya dapat dijual bebas ke pasar dengan harga pasar. Karena itu dengan adanya beberapa lelang WKP yang melelangkan harga jual listrik sebagai penentu, dapat dikatakan sebagai langkah terobosan Pemerintah untuk mempercepat proses pembangunan pembangkit listrik panas bumi. Penentuan harga beli listrik ini sempat lama ditunggu oleh para pengembang, dan setelah melalui beberapa perubahan peraturan, akhirnya Pemerintah mengeluarkan Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 32/2009 pada tanggal 4 Desember 2009, yang menetapkan harga patokan tertinggi pembelian tenaga listrik oleh PLN dari pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi sebesar 9,70 sen US$/Kwh. Harga ini sama dengan harga beli listrik yang diusulkan oleh API (Asosiasi Panas Bumi Indonesia), namun lebih tinggi dari usulan PLN yaitu sebesar 7,6 sen US$/Kwh. Usulan API dibarengi dengan rekomendasi bahwa project IRR yang menarik untuk pengembang adalah 16%, lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan usulan PLN sebesar 12%. JICA/BKF-DEPKEU melakukan kajian harga beli listrik panas bumi dan hasilnya adalah sebesar 11,9 sen US$/Kwh. Perbandingan yang lebih lengkap dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini.
Apakah besaran maksimum harga beli di atas memberikan dampak positif sehingga membuat para pengembang tertarik dan segera menanamkan investasi? Dari beberapa kesempatan dan berdasarkan uraian di beberapa media, nampaknya pengembang dapat menerima ceiling price yang dikeluarkan, namun masih menyisakan kebimbangan; diantaranya adalah apakah PLN akan membeli listrik dengan hasil lelang WKP? Bagaimana dengan key terms and conditions dari Electricity Sales Contract-nya (ESC)? PLN dalam banyak kesempatan masih meyakini bahwa harga beli listrik panas bumi seharusnya sama atau lebih rendah dari batubara. Masih menurut studi JICA (West JEC), harga beli listrik batubara berfluktuasi tergantung dari harga pasar batubara. Pada harga pasar tertentu, harga beli listrik dari batubara memang masih lebih rendah dari harga beli listrik panas bumi. Dengan memakai harga listrik panas bumi hasil studi JICA, sepanjang harga pasar batubara tidak lebih dari US$ 135 per ton, maka harga beli listrik batubara masih lebih rendah dari harga beli listrik panas bumi. Hal ini tentu menyisakan pertanyaan apakah harga batubara dapat bertahan di bawah harga tersebut dalam 30 tahun ke depan seiring dengan makin menipisnya cadangannya? Bagaimana dampaknya terhadap ketahanan dan swasembada energi nasional?
Tabel 1: Harga Pembelian PLTP dengan Kapasitas 110 MW (Base Price, sen US$/Kwh)
Tabel 2: Harga Listrik Pembangkit Batubara (PLTU) Hasil Studi JICA (West JEC)
Dengan memperhitungan keunikan panas bumi, JICA (West JEC) menyatakan bahwa totalbiaya pembangkit listrik PLTU (batubara) adalah sen 17,7 sen US$/kwh, lebih mahal sebesar 5,8 sen US$ per kwh dibandingkan dengan panas bumi. Perbedaan ini disebabkan oleh selisih efisiensi pembangkit, kesempatan mendapatkan devisa dari ekspor batubara, selisih pendapatan pajak serta biaya lingkungan yang harus dibebankan untuk pengusahaan batubara.
Apakah harga beli listrik panas bumi sebesar di atas tidak memberikan beban subsisi yang semakin besar ke Negara? Memang, banyak pihak yang mengatakan bahwa sejalan dengan pengembangan panas bumi sebagai sumber tenaga listrik, maka biaya subsidi yang akan ditanggung Negara akan meningkat. Hal ini tidak tepat. Seperti diketahui bahwa BPP (Biaya Pokok Penyediaan) PLN tahun 2009 adalah sebesar US$ 10 sen sedangkan harga tertinggi listrik panas bumi yang ditetapkan adalah US$ 9,7 sen. Sehingga harga beli listrik pada lokasi yang sama (electricity grid) panas bumi secara nasional masih lebih rendah dari BPP. Dengan berjalannya waktu dan dengan terambilnya porsi listrik dari tenaga diesel yang tergantikan oleh sumber panas bumi misalnya, maka BPP tentu akan turun sehingga harga beli listrik panas bumi tidak lagi lebih rendah dari BPP.
Dari semua uraian di atas, Penulis berpendapat bahwa pengusahaan tenaga listrik dari panas bumi merupakan salah satu solusi yang tepat; terutama untuk menambah tingkat elektrifikasi nasional, meningkatkan ketahanan Negara dan swasembada di bidang listrik karena pemanfaatan sumberdaya lokal yang secara karakteristik harus dimanfaatkan di tempat (non-exportable), mendukung penuh upaya Negara dalam menurunkan efek global warming, dan di atas semua itu, pemanfaatan sumberdaya panas bumi, secara integral, tidak memberikan beban subsidi yang lebih besar kepada Negara. Salah satu kunci sukses percepatan pengembangan sumberdaya panas bumi adalah response yang cepat dari PLN dalam pencapaian kesepakatan dengan para pengembang PLTP, baik dari sisi harga beli listrik maupun dalam kesepakatan ketentuan-ketentuan dan kondisi-kondisi yang penting dalam kontrak pembelian listrik. Dan pada akhirnya, kelengkapan dan ketersediaan peraturan-peraturan pendukung secara cepat dan akurat tentu sangat diperlukan oleh PLN dan para pengembang untuk bersama-sama memajukan bangsa dan Negara ini.
Semoga...
Catatan Tentang Penulis
Win Sukardi (Ir., M. Eng, MM, MBA, M. Hum, C.P.M.), salah satu pemerhati energi dan alumni Teknik Mesin UB-1987.
sumber: 123teknik.com (media informasi ikatan alumni fakultas teknik universitas brawijaya)
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